This seminar by thermoplyae took place on 14th September 2008 20:00 UTC, in #mathematics channel of irc.freenode.net.
The timestamps displayed in the IRC text are UTC+1.
Any explanation or errors regarding this seminar should be recorded in the discussion page.
Topic[]
CW complexes and ordinary (cellular) homology. Part of the series outlined at Towards Spectral Sequences.
Seminar[]
<thermoplyae> so last time we talked about the homotopy groups of a space and fibrations (things that
lifted homotopies) and how they fit together
<thermoplyae> this time we're going to cover CW complexes, which i promised last time and then didn't
deliver on, go through some facts about their homotopic behavior, and start looking at
homology
<thermoplyae> algebraic topology started life as combinatorial topology, where people studied how you
could build spaces out of smaller pieces and what the resultant topology looked like
<thermoplyae> and a CW complex is a particular example of such a thing
<thermoplyae> so to start, the goal here is to come up with a general way to build up spaces in an
inductive manner such that maps out of the various inductive steps correspond to maps
out of the finished object
<thermoplyae> and so what you ought to expect to see are a bunch of colimits
<thermoplyae> ah, hell, let's just jump in. a CW complex begins life as a discrete space, i.e. a
collection of points
<thermoplyae> these things we'll call 0-cells, and the space the 0-skeleton of the complex
<thermoplyae> given the n-skeleton, we construct the (n+1)-skeleton by pushing the n-skeleton out
along a bunch of (n+1)-cells
<thermoplyae> the relevant diagram looks like:
<thermoplyae> hmm, i'm missing a coproduct symbol on the upper right. the point is that we attach a
bunch of (n+1)-disks to our n-skeleton by gluing along maps that assign the boundaries
of the new n+1-disks to points in the n-skeleton
<thermoplyae> if this terminates after finitely many dimensions (i.e. we attach no cells of dimension
greater than some n), we call that object the resultant CW-complex
<thermoplyae> if it doesn't, we take a colimit
<thermoplyae> to make topology place nice, we also require that the space be locally finite (any
point in the CW-complex is contained in the image of finitely many attaching maps of
any particular dimension)
<thermoplyae> sometimes you'll hear that CW-complexes have the "weak topology", which states that a
set is closed in the complex iff its intersection is closed in the subspace topology
for each cell
<thermoplyae> we don't have to worry about this because the colimit takes care of that
<thermoplyae> proving that maps out of the complex correspond to maps out of the cells is very easy,
and i'll leave it (as ever) as an exercise
<thermoplyae> while we're here, we should take some time to talk about cofibrations and relative
homotopy groups
<thermoplyae> a fibration, as you'll recall, was an epimorphism p: E -> B such that a homotopy
X * I -> B and an initial lift X -> E extended to a lifted homotopy X * I -> E
<thermoplyae> sometimes just called the homotopy lifting property
<thermoplyae> if you dualize the relevant diagram, you get this:
<thermoplyae> the property communicated here is that we have a subspace A of a space X and a homotopy
of A in Y, along with an initial extension of this homotopy as a homotopy of X in Y
<thermoplyae> and from that information we can complete the extension and come up with a homotopy of
X in Y that agrees with the old homotopy of A in Y
<thermoplyae> sometimes called the homotopy extension property
<thermoplyae> i don't offhand have any great examples of things that aren't cofibrations, but i do
have a good example of things that are cofibrations: any subcomplex A of a CW-complex X
is a cofibration
<thermoplyae> in the light of our earlier investigation of relative homotopy groups, if A -> X is a
cofibration and A is contractible, then pi_n(X, A) = pi_n(X / A)
<thermoplyae> just to give you some idea of what we'd use these objects for
<thermoplyae> we also ought to construct some CW-complexes as examples, i suppose
<thermoplyae> an n-sphere can be turned into a CW complex in two different ways, both of which have
their uses
<thermoplyae> first, we can take the 0 through (n-1)-skeletons to be just a single point, then attach
an n-cell to this point, and then terminate
<thermoplyae> that's perhaps the obvious one
<thermoplyae> the still-obvious-but-slightly-less-so complex is to start with a pair of points,
representative of S^0
<thermoplyae> to form S^1, we attach two 1-cells, both with one endpoint on one point and the other
endpoint on the other endpoint
<thermoplyae> to form S^2, we attach two 2-cells, again both of whose attaching maps should be the
identity S^1 -> S^1
<thermoplyae> and so on. we construct S^n for S^(n-1) by attaching two n-cells in the same manner
<thermoplyae> we can construct a torus by taking a single point, attaching two 1-cells so it looks
like a wedge sum of two circles (these should be thought of as one lying along a
meridian and the other along a latitudinal ring)
<thermoplyae> then attaching one 2-cell by walking all the way around the rectangle formed (so around
the latitudinal ring, up the meridian, around the latitudinal ring the other way, down
the meridian)
<thermoplyae> there are, of course, other CW-structures we can put on the torus, but this one is nice
and tiny
<thermoplyae> as you'll recall, the torus is actually the product of two S^1s
<thermoplyae> in general, under nice conditions (both complexes are finite, iirc), the product of two
complexes will again be a complex
<thermoplyae> the "nice conditions" part is just to make the colimit behave well
<thermoplyae> we can also give a complex structure for RP^2, which we discussed a little bit last
time
<thermoplyae> we take a single point, attach a 1-cell to it to form a hoop, and then attach a 2-cell
by walking around the hoop twice
<thermoplyae> this is a little difficult to visualize, but it gives a nice idea of what pi_1 RP^2
looks like
<thermoplyae> if we take a loop in RP^2 that lies along the 1-cell, it's not contractible (try
thinking of what it would look like to lift it up onto the 2-cell; you can't lift the
beginning and end of the loop to the same place)
<thermoplyae> but if we follow the 1-cell around /twice/, we do get something contractible, by
construction
<thermoplyae> and so pi_1 RP^2 is Z_2 (surjectivity of this is not difficult to see, and something
we'll come back to in a more general setting)
<thermoplyae> this is probably enough. there's another kind of complex, a simplicial complex
<thermoplyae> to start talking about those, we'll need to know what simplices (singular: simplex) are
<thermoplyae> i define the 0-simplex Delta^0 to be a one-point space, then inductively define Delta^n
to be (Delta^(n-1) * I) / ((x, 0) ~ (y, 0)) for all x, y in Delta^(n-1)
<thermoplyae> (so an unreduced cone)
<thermoplyae> like the sequence of spheres forms a lot of nice, familiar spaces, so do these
simplices
<thermoplyae> we have a point, then a line, then a filled triangle, then a filled tetrahedron, and so
on
<thermoplyae> these also have nice combinatorial properties; the n-simplex contains (n+1)
(n-1)-simplices as "faces", subspaces sitting on the exterior of the figure
<thermoplyae> just like with CW-complexes, we can build simplicial complexes by taking the 0-skeleton
to be a collection of points, then attaching n-simplices to the (n-1)-skeleton with
pushouts whose attaching maps stick the boundaries of each n-simplex into existing
(n-1)-simplices in the (n-1)-skeleton
<thermoplyae> the reason i bring these structures up is to talk about simplicial approximation, which
is a lemma that reads as follows:
<thermoplyae> For a CW-pair (X, A) where X is obtained from A by attaching a single n-cell e^n and a
function f: (K, L) -> (X, A) where (K, L) is a relative pair of finite simplicial
complexes, there is a subdivision (K', L') of (K, L) and a map f' homotopy to f
relative to f^{-1}(A) (on which they agree), and if sigma is a simplex in K' with
f'(sigma) cap e^n nonempty, f'(sigma) is contained in the interior of e^n and f' is
locally linear on sigma
<thermoplyae> the idea is that attaching one cell to a CW-complex can be done /very/ nicely. if we
already have a simplicial structure on the rest of a CW complex, then we can come up
with something so close to attaching an n-cell that we don't care about it that
corresponds to attaching an n-simplex and is linear
<Kasadkad> !
<thermoplyae> this gives us the tool we need to prove a wide variety of results about the homotopy of
CW-complexes
<thermoplyae> yeah, go ahead
<Kasadkad> what's "linear"?
<thermoplyae> we identify D^n with the unit ball in R^n, where linearity makes sense
<thermoplyae> sufficient answer?
<Kasadkad> yeah, go on, I'll think about it
<thermoplyae> okay
<thermoplyae> anyway, lots of results about homotopy of CW-complexes
<thermoplyae> the first is a pretty direct application of the lemma: we say a pair (X, A) is a
relative CW-pair when A is a CW-complex and X is formed from A by attaching cells
<papermachine> !
<thermoplyae> yes, go ahead
<papermachine> is a relative CW-pair different from a relative pair in the lemma's statement?
<thermoplyae> no, it's just looking at it from a different direction
<papermachine> ok
<thermoplyae> we'll say that the n-skeleton of (X, A) is A union X's n-skeleton
<thermoplyae> the pair (X, n-skel of (X, A)) then has vanishing relative ith homotopy groups for
i <= n
<thermoplyae> this in turn gives us that the inclusion of X's n-skeleton into X induces isomorphisms
in homotopy groups less than or equal to n an epimorphism at n
<thermoplyae> (use the l.e.s. of relative homotopy)
<thermoplyae> so, finally, we can say with confidence that pi_m S^n = 0 for m < n
<thermoplyae> using the first CW structure for S^n that i gave
<thermoplyae> for those familiar with homology (and those of you who aren't will become familiar
quite shortly), there's an axiom called the excision axiom that gives sufficient
conditions on a triple of spaces (X, A, B) with A cup B = X to induce an isomorphism
H_*(A, A cap B) -> H_*(X, B)
<thermoplyae> we can abuse the simplicial approximation lemma to get a similar, though weaker, result
in homotopy
<thermoplyae> to this end, we define the relative pathspace P(X, A) of a pointed space X to be the
subspace of X^I with f in X^I satisfying f(0) = x0 (i.e. the map is pointed) and f(1)
lies in A
<thermoplyae> we'll take X, A, and B to be CW-complexes with X's basepoint in both A and B. the
"triad homotopy groups" of this triple will be defined by the ugly formula
pi_n(X, A, B) = pi_{n-1}(P(X, B), P(A, A cap B))
<thermoplyae> there's an l.e.s associated to these objects whose proof is exactly the same as for
relative homotopy: ... -> pi_n (A, A cap B) -> pi_n (X, B) -> pi_n(X, A, B) -> ...
<thermoplyae> if the lower triad homotopy groups vanish up through n, then the map
pi_r(A, A cap B) -> pi_r (X, B) will be a monomorphism for r = 1, an isomorphism up to
n, and an epimorphism at n
<thermoplyae> finally, getting around to an application of simplicial approximation, if (A, A cap B)
is an n-connected relative complex and (X, B) is m-connected, then pi_r(A, A cap B) ->
pi_r(X, B) will be an isomorphism for 1 <= r < n + m and epic at n + m
<thermoplyae> and that theorem is basically enough to prove Whitehead's theorem: if f: X -> Y is a
weak homotopy equivalence of CW-complexes (i.e. pi_i f is an isomorphism for all i),
then X and Y are actually homotopic
<thermoplyae> i'll pause to let that sink in
<thermoplyae> one last SAL application: using SAL and local finiteness, we can show that
pi_n (wedge_\alpha X_\alpha) = \coprod_\alpha pi_n X_\alpha
<thermoplyae> where \coprod is the free product for n = 1 and direct sum for n > 1
<thermoplyae> so, for instance, we finally have a tool to prove that pi_1 (S^1 wedge S^1) is the
free group on two generators, something i mentioned ages ago
<thermoplyae> so now that i've bored you all to death with topology, let's get back to algebraic
topology
<thermoplyae> an immediate application of SAL is that pi_n X is determined by X's n skeleton
(corresponding to generators) and the n+1 cells attached in the construction of X's n+1
skeleton (corresponding to relators)
<thermoplyae> this should smack of the RP^2 example i gave above
<thermoplyae> this means we can construct cell complexes with arbitrary homotopy groups
<thermoplyae> given a group presentation consisting of a bunch of generators G and a bunch of
relators R, we can let X's i-skeleton be a single point up to n, then at n attach a
bunch of n-spheres (again, corresponding to generators) in the n-skeleton
<thermoplyae> at the n+1 stage, we attach a series of n+1 cells with boundaries lying along homotopy
classes corresponding to our relators, effectively making those relator elements
null-homotopic
<thermoplyae> from there, we just keep sticking in more higher dim'l cells to kill off the higher
sphere homotopy groups that we don't want
<thermoplyae> calling the group <G | R> by the name H, this is denoted K(H, n) and called "an
eilenberg-maclane space"
<thermoplyae> if we do this much more carefully, we can actually construct a CW-complex with homotopy
groups matching the homotopy groups of some space X along with a map from our
constructed complex to the space that's a weak homotopy equivalence
<thermoplyae> combining this with whitehead, there is a unique homotopy class of CW complexes for any
one particular sequence of homotopy groups
<thermoplyae> did anyone solve the fibration problem i posed at the end of the last lecture?
<thermoplyae> i'll take that as a no. well, let's solve it now
<thermoplyae> we had a map f: A -> B and we wanted to come up with a sequence of maps A -> X -> B
such that A -> X was a homotopy equivalence, X -> B was a fibration, and the
composition was f
<thermoplyae> the solution to this, which isn't hard to see but is difficult to come up with, is to
take X to be a subspace of the (non-pointed) pathspace of B cross A such that
(gamma, a) satisfies gamma(0) = f(a)
<thermoplyae> the map A -> X is the one that sends a to (the map that sits at f(a), a)
<thermoplyae> for the same reason that the pathspace deformation retracts to a point, X deformation
retracts to A -- just suck the paths in
<thermoplyae> finally, the map X -> B is given by evaluating a path at its far endpoint, and that map
is a fibration again for the same reason the pathspace evaluation is a fibration
<thermoplyae> we fix a space X and construct a space X<n> whose homotopy groups below n vanish and
whose homotopy groups at and above n are the same as X's using the eilenberg-maclane
construction outlined above
<thermoplyae> and then we convert the map X<n> -> X given to us by construction into a fibration
<thermoplyae> this particular fibration we call the n-connected cover of X
<thermoplyae> if you go through the l.e.s. associated to this fibration, you'll find that the
homotopy groups of X come from two places
<thermoplyae> those above n will come from the connected cover, those below n will come from the
fiber, which looks like a coproduct of eilenberg-maclane spaces
<thermoplyae> finally, the sequence ... -> X<n> -> X<n-1> -> ... -> X<1> -> X is called the
"postnikov tower" of X, for those interested enough to look this up elsewhere
<thermoplyae> for those scratching their heads, wondering why i'm bringing this up, recall that the
Serre spectral sequence revolves around fibrations, and so introducing as many of them
as possible is important
<thermoplyae> (also my research involves H_* BU<2k>)
<thermoplyae> and with that mass of machinery out of the way, it's time to talk about homology, which
should be a breath of fresh air
<thermoplyae> any questions before i plow onwards?
<thermoplyae> okay. so now we've seen some more serious things involving homotopy, and it seems like
the playing field is just getting more and more cluttered
<thermoplyae> having to keep track of connectedness, and some things are only isomorphisms for a
while before they fail miserably, all that is cumbersome
<thermoplyae> in part, this is because topology is still heavily involved in studying these
constructs; homotopy is still about continuous maps of things
<thermoplyae> the benefit is that we're still close to the topology we wish to solve and we have some
amount of geometric intuition
<thermoplyae> homology comes in at the other end of the spectrum. what if all our theorems were
pretty? what if we sacrificed being a first cousin to topology?
<thermoplyae> there are a bunch of different kinds of homology, and i'm going to construct one that
fits with the CW-complex theme of today: cellular homology
<thermoplyae> remember that to a CW-complex we associate a bunch of 0 cells, 1 cells, 2 cells, on and
on
<thermoplyae> we take a free Z-module on these cells, grading by the dimension of the cell
<thermoplyae> in addition, we attach each n-cell along a (bunch of) (n-1)-cells, and how many times
we wander around these cells matters, as exhibited by RP^2
<thermoplyae> we can formalize exactly how many times we walk around cells as follows: let e^{n-1}
be an n-1 cell in the n-1 skeleton of X, and let f: bd. D^n = S^(n-1) -> S^(n-1) be the
map given by taking the attaching map of our n-cell and quotienting together the entire
(n-1)-skeleton except for the (n-1) cell we've picked out
<thermoplyae> this induces a map pi_{n-1} S^(n-1) -> pi_{n-1} S^(n-1) in homotopy, where
pi_{n-1} S^(n-1) = Z
<thermoplyae> and so the map pi_{n-1} f acts like multiplication by some integer. that integer we
call the "degree" of f
<thermoplyae> we fit this into our big free module as follows:
<thermoplyae> we construct a map C_n -> C_{n-1} that takes an n-cell in C_n to
sum_alpha (deg f_alpha) e_alpha^{n-1} -- i.e. to a formal sum of cells it attaches to,
weighted by how many times it wraps around them
<thermoplyae> this map satisfies the property that C_{n+1} -> C_n -> C_{n-1} is the zero map for all
choices of n
<thermoplyae> and this bunch of modules and bunch of maps we call a 'chain complex'
<thermoplyae> as you'll recall from my half-proof of the exactness of the l.e.s of relative homotopy,
showing that the composition of two maps is zero is only half of the proof that a
sequence is exact
<thermoplyae> that demonstrates that im g <= ker f; you must also show that ker f <= im g
<thermoplyae> in general, our chain complex won't satisfy that, but we can measure its failure to do
so by replacing C_n with the kernel of the map going out of C_n modulo the image of the
map coming in, called the homology at n
<thermoplyae> somewhat incredibly, these homology groups do actually describe something about the
space, and satisfy a myriad of properties
<thermoplyae> for instance, this assignment is functorial, and it satisfies the wedge axiom
(H_* wedge_alpha X_alpha = sum_alpha H_* X_alpha)
<thermoplyae> we can form relative homology groups for a pair (X, A) by quotienting C_n(X) by C_n(A).
in this context, there's a condition on a triad (X, A, B) such that
H_*(X, Y) = H_*(X \ U, Y \ U), and there's also a relative l.e.s
H_* X -> H_* Y _> H_*(X, Y)
<thermoplyae> proofs of all this is pretty lengthy, and they can all be found in the second chapter
of Hatcher's free book _Algebraic Topology_
<thermoplyae> we can also introduce arbitrary coefficient groups (instead of just Z-modules) by
tensoring the sequence ... -> C_{n+1} -> C_n -> C_{n-1} -> ... with our coefficient
group G
<thermoplyae> investigating how this affects the homology of a space involves some homological
algebra and the Tor functor
<thermoplyae> we can also flip all the arrows and look at something we could study instead of
homology: cohomology
<thermoplyae> pick a group G and image the chain complex by Hom_{Ab}(-, G)
<thermoplyae> this induces a codifferential on the resultant sequence of modules that acts by
(delta f)(sigma) = f(delta sigma), where the delta on the left is the codifferential and
the delta on the right is the old differential
<thermoplyae> again, these satisfy delta^2 = 0, and so we quotient in the same way to measure
inexactness
<thermoplyae> so, why not compute some homology groups?
<thermoplyae> a sphere's a good place to start, let's try a 3-sphere since we know that has really
ugly homotopy groups as we go higher up
<thermoplyae> a 3-sphere is constructed from a 0-cell and a 3-cell, and so all the maps in our chain
are zero
<thermoplyae> and so taking homology groups doesn't change anything, and we're left with a Z in
degree 3 and in degree 0
<thermoplyae> and that's it! all the homology groups of the sphere
<thermoplyae> ah, fuck, i've got to run. as exercises: look up the mayer-vietoris sequence and the
hurewicz theorem, the difference between reduced and unreduced theories and how they
might fit together (think "relative to a point"), and as an exercise pick your favorite
CW complex and compute its homology and cohomology
<thermoplyae> i suggest a torus and a punctured torus
<thermoplyae> my apologies, i'll be back in a few hours, i can answer lingering questions then :(
<Manyfold> pause?
<Manyfold> or fin?
<thermoplyae> fin, likely
<Manyfold> so the excercise is for next week?
<thermoplyae> next time we'll finish introducing homology, ideally by appealing to spectra, then finally
construct a spectral sequence and use it a few times. maybe calculate H^* BU<2k> for
small k or something
<thermoplyae> yes, the exercises are for next week, mostly with intent to look at things i ran out of
time to talk about